Examples
THE HANSIE CRONJE AFFAIR (2000)
On 7 April 2000, the police in New Delhi (India) revealed that they were in possession of a recording of a tapped telephone conversation between Hansie Cronje, the Captain of the South African cricket team, and Sanjay Chawla, an illicit gambler in India, in which the two individuals discussed manipulating matches. Three other South African players were mentioned: Herschelle Gibbs, Nicky Boje and Pieter Strydom. The following day, the South African Federation denied any match fixing, but suspended Cronje after he admitted to a fellow player that he had “not been entirely honest.”
The King Commission was set up by the South African Cricket Federation in June 2000 to carry out
an inquiry. Gibbs very quickly admitted that Cronje had offered him $15,000 to score fewer than 20 runs in a match in India in 2000, and that Henry Williams, another player, had been promised the same
amount to concede more than 50 runs from his bowling. Gibbs scored 74 runs and Williams retired hurt. Neither of them received any money.
One week after the revelations by Gibbs, Cronje said he had received $140,000 to try to corrupt his
two teammates and admitted his relationship with a syndicate of illegal gamblers in India. He also
admitted having sold strategic information and having agreed to forfeit an innings in a match against
England in 2000 that could no longer influence the final outcome of the Test Series.
In August 2000, Gibbs and Williams received six-month suspensions for having failed to alert the
authorities, and in October 2000, Cronje was suspended for life from any activity linked to professional cricket. He died in a plane accident two years later, giving rise to all sorts of theories about the possible involvement of illegal betting circles in his death.
Several cases of fraud had already shaken the cricket world by the end of the 1990s. In 1998 it was
discovered that the Australian Federation had secretly suspended two players in 1995 for passing
information to Sri Lankan gamblers. A number of players had also revealed instances of match fixing,
but the enquiries had come to nothing.
The Cronje affair aroused concern in the International Cricket Council, which decided to set up an
anti-corruption unit consisting of policemen with genuine investigative resources.
In a study by KEA European Affairs for European Commission (Directorate General for Education and Culture), it was stated that game-fixing motivations can be linked to betting or non-betting cases.
Corruption
Game Fixing
BETTING MOTIVATED CASES
These involve fixing games or competitions with the primary goal of achieving an economic gain indirectly from sport through betting or gambling activity. This type of game-fixing has been highly publicized on the occasion of "big sporting cases".
The first proven case of this kind of game-fixing seems to be the so-called ‘Black Sox Scandal’ in 1919 which involved the Chicago White Sox baseball team, considered one of the best in the United States at that time. During one game, they surprisingly lost 9:1 to the Cincinnati Reds. One year later, the players admitted to deliberately upsetting the World Series with the involvement of a gambling syndicate.
These cases, also known as sports motivated game-fixing, involve the fixing of a competition with the primary aim of achieving a sporting advantage directly from its result. Sporting motivations may simply involve winning a match or a competition, escaping relegation or qualifying for a higher level of the competition.
This is for example the case of the well-known “end-of-season-phenomenon” when deals are made for avoiding demotion or keeping a club in a competition. While economic benefits are not the primary objective, it is clear that this game-fixing results in a second step of sporting advantage. Maintaining a position in a division or qualification for higher competition has financial consequences like public subsidies, television rights, or sponsorship contracts.
The first documented case of sporting motivated game-fixing seems to be that of the boxer Eupolus of Thessaly who, at the Olympic Games of 388 BC, bribed three of his competitors to allow him to win a gold medal (Archaeology 1996).
NON-BETTING MOTIVATED CASES
Latest Incidents
1. The 2005 Bundesliga scandal: In January 2005, the German Football Association (DFB) and German prosecutors launched separate probes into charges that referee Robert Hoyzer bet on and fixed several matches that he worked, including a German Cup tie. Hoyzer later admitted to the allegations; it has been reported that he was involved with Croat gambling syndicates. He also implicated other referees and players in the match fixing scheme. The first arrests in the Hoyzer investigation were made on January 28 in Berlin, and Hoyzer himself was arrested on February 12 after new evidence apparently emerged to suggest that he had been involved in fixing more matches than he had admitted to. Hoyzer has been banned for life from football by the DFB.
On March 10, a second referee, Dominik Marks, was arrested after being implicated in the scheme by Hoyzer. On March 24, it was reported that Hoyzer had told investigators that the gambling ring he was involved with had access to UEFA's referee assignments for international matches and Champions League and UEFA Cup fixtures several days before UEFA publicly announced them. Ultimately, Hoyzer was sentenced to serve 2 years and 5 months in prison.
2. Brazilian football game-fixing scandal: In September 2005, a Brazilian magazine revealed that two football referees, Edílson Pereira de Carvalho (a member of FIFA's referee staff) and Paulo José Danelon, had accepted bribes to fix matches. Soon afterwards, sport authorities ordered the replaying of 11 matches in the country's top competition, the Campeonato Brasileiro, that had been worked by Edílson.
Both referees have been banned for life from football and face possible criminal charges. Brazilian supporters have taken to shout "Edílson" at a referee who they consider to have made a bad call against their team, in a reference to the scandal.
3. 2007 NBA betting scandal: In July 2007 it was revealed that National Basketball Association referee Tim Donaghy had gambled on 10 to 15 games, including games which he refereed. Donaghy was sentenced to 15 months in federal prison and spent 11 months in a federal prison camp and additional time in a halfway house.
German soccer referee Robert Hoyzer (left) is going to prison for his role in a match-fixing scheme.
Edílson Pereira de Carvalho
4. 2008 The Fix: Book by Declan Hill alleges that in the 2006 World Cup, the group game between Ghana and Italy, the round-of-16 game between Ghana and Brazil, and the Italy-Ukraine quarter-final were all fixed by Asian gambling syndicates to whom the final scores were known in advance. The German Football Federation (DFB) and German Football League (DFL) looked into claims made in a Der Spiegel interview with Hill that two Bundesliga matches were fixed by William Bee Wah Lim a fugitive with a 2004 conviction for match-fixing.
5. 2008: On October 1, it was reported that a Spanish judge who headed an investigation against Russian Mafia figures uncovered information alleging that the mobsters may have attempted to fix the 2007–08 UEFA Cup semi-final between eventual champion Zenit St. Petersburg and Bayern Munich. Both clubs denied any knowledge of the alleged scheme. Prosecutors in the German state of Bavaria, home to Bayern, later announced that they did not have enough evidence to justify a full investigation.
6. 2008: On October 4, suspicious online betting on the game between Norwich City and Derby County led some to question the validity of the Football League match. Gamblers in Asia were said to have placed a large amount of money down during halftime, which raised concerns over the outcome. The inquiry by The Football Association found no evidence that would suggest the match was fixed. Derby County ended up winning the match 2-1.
7. 2009: On May 6, a federal grand jury in Detroit indicted six former University of Toledo athletes—three each from the school's football and basketball programs—on charges of conspiracy to commit sports bribery in relation to their alleged involvement in a point shaving scheme that ran from 2003 through 2006. It is believed to be the first major U.S. gambling case involving two sports at the same college. Since then, four former Toledo athletes, including at least one not named in the original indictments, have pleaded guilty on charges related to the scheme. One of these, former Rockets running back Quinton Broussard, admitted he had deliberately fumbled during the 2005 GMAC Bowl against UTEP (a game ultimately won 45–13 by Toledo) in exchange for $500, and had been paid to provide confidential team information to one of the orchestrators of the scheme.
Tim Donaghy
8. In November 2009, German police arrested 17 people on suspicion of fixing at least 200 soccer matches in 9 countries. Among the suspected games were those from the top leagues of Austria, Bosnia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Turkey, and games from the second highest leagues of Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. Three contests from the Champions League were under investigation, and 12 from the Europa League.
9. The fourth Test of Pakistan's summer 2010 cricket tour of England was alleged to have contained several incidents of game-fixing, involving members of the Pakistan team deliberately bowling no-balls at specific points in order to facilitate the potential defrauding of bookmakers.
10. In April 2011, a U.S. federal grand jury in San Diego indicted a group of 10 individuals on charges of running a point shaving scheme affecting an as yet-undetermined number of college basketball games. Three of the accused have ties to the University of San Diego's men's basketball team—one was the team's all-time leader in points and assists; another was a former player; and the third was a former assistant. Games at the University of California, Riverside, where the second indicted player also played, were also mentioned as potentially being fixed.
11. In June 2011, trials started for people allegedly involved in fixing Finnish football matches. One team, Tampere United was indefinitely suspended from Finnish football for accepting payments from a person known for match-fixing.
12. In July 2011, As part of a major match-fixing investigation by authorities in Turkey, nearly 60 people suspected to be involved with fixing games were detained by İstanbul Police Department Organized Crime Control Bureau and then arrested by the court. The case did not come to a conclusion yet and the teams that are being accused of match-fixing are participating in the Turkish league currently.
13. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, a match result was overturned and the referee was expelled from the tournament after a very controversial decision which included a boxer winning the match despite having been knocked down five times in one round, in violation of amateur boxing regulations. Under AIBA rules, both the mandatory eight- count and three-knockdown rules are in effect. Eleven months earlier, BBC reported on a possible bribery attempt, which could be related
Former Rockets running back Quinton Broussard
Players of Chicago White Sox admitting game-fixing
Drug Use
GYMNAST EXPELLED OVER FAILED TEST
Artistic gymnast Luiza Galiulina of Uzbekistan, 20, has been initially suspended out of the Olympics after testing positive for the banned diuretic furosemide on 25 July.
According to the International Olympic Committee or IOC, Galiulina provided a urine sample on 25 July that tested positive for the prohibited substance furosemide. The analysis of the B sample confirmed the results of the A sample.
In her defence, Galiulina told the IOC commission that she did not take such substance on her own knowledge. She suspects that the substance had entered her body during the time while her mother had been treating her while she was sick for 2 weeks due to heart condition at the end of june. According to her, she had taken medication this month and had used "numerous other products and natural herbs" to help her sleep and relax.
Though the IOC said it found "no corroborating evidence" to support her defence that she had not intended to enhance her performance or mask the use of a banned substance.
Galiulina won bronze on balance beam at the 2010 Asian Games. This is her second Olympics after finishing 60th in 2008.
An IOC statement said: "The International Olympic Committee today announced that Uzbek athlete Luiza Galiulina has been excluded from the Games of the XXX Olympiad in London.
Her case will passed on to the International Federation of Gymnastics, who will consider further action.
NADZEYA OSTAPCHUK STRIPPED OF OLYMPIC SHOT PUT GOLD MEDAL OVER POSITIVE DRUG TEST
The Belarusian shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk has been stripped of her Olympic gold medal after failing a doping test. Ostapchuk was tested twice, once on 5 August and again the following day after she had finished first. The IOC said both samples indicated the presence of metenolone, which is classified as an anabolic agent.
Ostapchuk, 31, was competing in her third Olympic Games at London 2012.She finished fourth in Athens in 2004 and claimed bronze in Beijing four years ago.
LONDON 2012: POSITIVE DOPING TEST FOR SYRIAN ATHLETE GHFRAN ALMOUHAMAD
The 23-year-old provided a urine sample on 3 August which indicated the presence of the banned substance methylhexaneamine. The B sample confirmed the findings. Almouhamad has been disqualified from the Olympic Games after failing a drugs test.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced: "The athlete, Ms Ghfran Almouhamad, Syrian Arab Republic, athletics, is disqualified from the women's 400m hurdles event of the 2012 London Olympic Games where she placed eighth in the second heat of the first round; and shall have her Olympic identity and accreditation card cancelled and withdrawn immediately."
Luiza Galiulina
Ghfran Almouhamad
Sexual Harassment
SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN MEN’S LOCKER ROOM SHOULD BE CHALLENGED
Let me take you inside a men’s locker room before a big game.
It’s a mess. There are bags, shoes, athletic equipment, food and drinks strewn all over the floor and on the seats, creating an impossible maze that you have to sidestep your way through. Oh, and make sure you don’t step on the players stretching on the floor.
The air that hits your nostrils has that combination of Omega and rubbing alcohol. Apart of the human voices, the most distinct sound that reaches your ears is the sharp yanking of athletic tape from the rolls.
The moment you crack open the door and step into this world, all eyes swivel to you and stay on you. You’re the only foreigner inside the room, and because of all the probing eyes, every molecule in your body knows it. You’re being watched, from the tips of your hair down to the soles of your feet. Spotlight, on.
For eight years, I have been ducking in and out of men’s locker rooms to put together game reports for my job as a basketball courtside reporter — first in the UAAP, then in the PBL, then in the PBA, and in various smaller leagues, events and games in between.
The job description includes being the eyes and ears of the viewing public in the locker room, with the team, before, during and even after a game. It means getting your story, telling your story, to keep fans and viewers informed of what’s really happening in the game, on and off the court. It’s a great job. You meet amazing people, see incredible talent firsthand, and have a pretty good time.
But the job description also includes dealing with difficult personalities who don’t want to have anything to do with you, having to extract answers from shy players that go beyond a single word, and yes, if you happen to be female, the tidal wave of testosterone that hits you as soon as you open the door to that locker room.
You don’t have to be a genius or a sports expert to figure out what all that testosterone makes essentially good men do. Most male athletes and sports personalities are great guys — polite, gentlemanly, awesome company — and quite a few of them have become very good friends of mine. But not everyone handles the pressure, the stress, the hormones the right way. And sometimes those who can’t hack it take it out on the unsuspecting female who walks through that locker room door.
I’ve fallen victim to many an uncomfortable situation that involved lewd remarks or jokes, maybe even a hand grabbing a butt cheek. And you know what? I’ve never complained, never told anyone about them. Why? Because from the very beginning, I have been told, I have been conditioned that “all that” comes with the job of having to deal with athletes.
In light of the ongoing sexual harassment case complaint filed by former Philippine Olympic Committee president Cristy Ramos against members of the Philippine national men’s football team Lexton Moy and Angel Guirado, sexual harassment in the world of sports has been brought to the forefront. I cannot comment directly on the case, nor can I take sides, because I don’t have all the details.
But regardless, sexual harassment in the men’s locker room exists. It’s happened to me, and I’m willing to bet that it’s happened to every other female sports journalist.
There have been many opinions and comments about the Ramos-Azkals case, but what has hit home, at least for me, is the reaction that because Ms. Ramos was in the locker room, she should have expected the inappropriate behavior toward her.
It’s been re-worded, re-phrased but in all its different reincarnations, it is always implied that instead of being the victim, Ms. Ramos brought it upon herself precisely because she was in that damn locker room, where testosterone levels were flying, and any woman who step in is a lamb willingly presenting herself to the wolves — that she somehow deserves what she got.
So, every time a female sports journalist steps into that room to get a report, she’s asking for it too? Given that particular reaction from many commenters, I guess so. We’ve fooled ourselves into thinking that it’s okay, that it’s even right, for men to act that way towards women in such situations. It’s become regulation. It’s become the norm. That’s why female sports journalists are made to brush it off, as a peril of the job.
But why? Why is it OK that it’s become an accepted norm of society for that proverbial wolves’ den to exist? How can people even suggest that women deserve sexual harassment because they lead themselves into that situation? To suggest that a self-respecting woman looks for it is just twisting the truth so far beyond recognition, that we can’t even see anymore that bad behavior is just that — bad, unacceptable behavior.
This isn’t just limited to the sports world. It’s telling of our society, how we as a people react to an issue like sexual harassment. Just because something is the norm doesn’t mean that it’s right. And just because something is the norm doesn’t mean we shouldn’t challenge it.
Azkals Lexton Moy has been accused of sexual harassment by former POC president Cristy Ramos.